FAITH
Communities TODAY
Hartford
Seminary • 77 Sherman St. • Hartford, CT 06105
(860) 509-9543 • fact@hartsem.edu
FACTs
for churches
data from the Fact2000 study
Three Sources of American Religious Renewal
By David A. Roozen
Alexis de Tocqueville is remembered for his affirming analysis of American democracy. Less familiar is his reflection that religion in the United States is much more vital than in his native France or in Europe. The persistence of what he observed in the mid 19th century is borne out in a new study of American congregational life.
Analysts of
industrial nations often are perplexed by the continuing high level of
religious involvement in the Unites States. According to historians this persistent vitality of congregational
life is the result of overlapping waves of renewal rather than a steady
growth from pioneer strengths. The
new survey, known as Faith Communities Today, reveals that three causes of
this renewal are still evident across America—and that one of these
provides especially good news for the old-line Protestant churches. 
Perhaps the most characteristically American source of this renewing energy is immigration. The United States is, after all, largely a nation of immigrants. All old-line Protestant denominations (as well as most streams of U.S. Catholicism and Judaism) are immigrant in origin. The waves of immigration that have washed over our country throughout its 300+ year history continue to bring new immigrant and ethnic religious groups to our shores.
A second agent of renewal has been the development of indigenous American religious movements—most with Protestant roots. Several have developed into sizable denominations, the largest and best known being what we now call the United Methodist Church. These two sources of renewal are demonstrated dramatically in the FACT research (see the 1990-2000 columns of Figure 1).
Figure
1 shows the percentage of congregations organized by denominational
families during various periods of time. The green line shows the continual surge of Evangelical
Protestantism. Hidden within
the green aggregate is data revealing that between 1980 and 2000 the major
source of Evangelical Protestant growth was the Assemblies of God, a
denomination that developed here in America in the early years of the 20th
century. Also hidden in
the green aggregate is the fact that during the 1990s the fastest growing
segment of the AOG was its Latino congregations.
Even more dramatic is the percentage growth from 1990 to 2000 of the indigenous Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the largely immigrant Islamic community, shown in the purple line. (Future articles in this series will look at the changing face of American congregations.)
When
old-line Protestant churches began experiencing membership losses in the
mid-1960s, the primary cause of the decline was their failure to adapt to
social and demographic changes. There was, however, no clear agreement on
a path or paths to renewal. Within
the last decade there were impressionistic hints that contemporary and
expressive styles of worship were beginning to creep from west to east and
from neo-Pentecostal into old-line Protestant congregations. What a difference those few years make! The FACT data show that the expressive nature of contemporary and
blended forms of worship have now made it to the east coast and even into
some old-line churches.
More
importantly (see Figure 2) the
data show that this style of worship—measured in the survey by the use
of electronic instruments in worship—is positively related to membership
growth across all Protestant families, including old-line denominations. Similarly, positive correlations are found between membership
growth and a wide range of different measures of vitality. (We will deal with these evidences of vitality in future articles
in this series as well as issues related to membership growth.)
The FACT data show that contemporary worship is more strongly associated with membership growth than what Dean Kelly called “strictness,” the outward focus of mission-minded congregations, or even shifts in population. The positive relationship between contemporary forms of worship and membership growth is as strong for older congregations that changed their worship patterns as for new congregations that used contemporary forms from the beginning. Further, participants in congregations using contemporary styles of worship are, on average, notably younger. The FACT data suggest that after nearly 50 years of struggling to find broadly applicable ways to adapt, with theological integrity, to social/demographic changes, many old-line Protestant churches have found a path to renewal and membership growth. (Future articles in this series will consider the subjects of worship and congregational change.)
Three quick, but important, caveats. First, contemporary worship is not a panacea. Even among Protestants there are many vital and growing congregations that worship in traditional ways. In our increasingly niche-oriented religious marketplace, it stands to reason that variety should flourish. Creative adaptation, that matches heritage and identity with context, appears more important than any unreflective application of a mythical “magic bullet.”
Second, “contemporary” has different meanings in different faith traditions and we have yet to analyze fully our new data on how “contemporary” adaptations relate to vitality among Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Jews and Muslims.
Third and finally, the FACT
data show that congregations that seek to change their style of worship
will have to pay the price of conflict (see
Figure 3). The
organizational consultants are right: change is costly, conflict is one of
the significant costs, and the ability to deal with controversy is one of
the essential capabilities of adaptive congregations. (Conflict, also, will be dealt with in future articles in this
series.)
Professor Roozen is the director of Hartford Institute for Religion Research and co-director of the Faith Communities Today project.